Design and development of a novel infrared mild moxibustion device / 中国针灸

To make up for the shortcomings of traditional mild moxibustion, according to the principle and technical operation characteristics of traditional mild moxibustion, combined with temperature control technology, a novel infrared mild moxibustion device is developed, which is capable of real-time accurate temperature control. This novel infrares mild moxibustion device is composed of a host computer and an infrared radiation head. The host computer includes four modules: power supply, human-computer interaction interface, micro control unit (MCU) and drive circuit. The infrared radiation head mainly includes an infrared heater and a temperature sensor. This novel infrared mild moxibustion device is easy to operate. The electrothermal heating tablet can generate infrared radiation of 3 000-13 000 nm. After the temperature of the infrared heater is stabilized, the range of temperature change is ±0.50 ℃, realizing the goal of precise temperature control. In addition, it can operate moxibustion treatment at multiple acupoints at the same time, which is conducive to the dose-effect evaluation of mild moxibustion.

Identification of Synthetic Cannabinoid New Psychoactive Substances 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA / 法医学杂志

Objective To establish a method that combines a series of techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectrum （FTIR）, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）, high resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （NMR） for identification of unknown substances. Methods The unknown samples （off-white powder and yellow crystal） seized in the actual cases were detected by FTIR, GC-MS （methanol as solvent）, high resolution mass spectrometry （methanol as solvent） and NMR （deuterated methanol as solvent）. Results The mass spectrum characteristic ions m/z of the main components in the samples measured by GC-MS were 219 （base peak）, 363, 307, 304, 275, 145, 131 and 213 （base peak）, 357, 301, 298, 269, 185, 171, 145 and 131, respectively. The accurate mass numbers [M+H]+ measured by high resolution mass spectrometry were 364.203 61 and 358.212 34, respectively. The unknown samples were identified as synthetic cannabinoid new psychoactive substances 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA after data consultation and database retrieval and comparison, combined with infrared analysis and mass spectrometry data analysis, and their structures were confirmed by 1H-NMR. Conclusion The established multi-technology joint identification method can be used to identify 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA in unknown samples. This method is fast, convenient, accurate, reliable and practical, and can provide reference for the identification of cases involving such substances in the future.

Preparation of silymarin-SBE-β-CD inclusion complex / 中草药

Objective: The inclusion compound of silymarin-SBE-β-CD was prepared. Methods: Phase solubility method was used to screen the inclusion materials of cyclodextrin and determine the type of inclusion. The technological conditions of silymarin inclusion complex were optimized by orthogonal design. The solubility of inclusion was determined and its structure was characterized by means of microscope, infrared spectrum analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. Results: Due to its higher solubilization effect on silymarin, SBE-β-CD was determined as inclusion material. The ratio of drug to cyclodextrin was coated in the mode of 1:n. The process optimized by orthogonal design was as follow: molar ratio of silymarin to SBE-β-CD of 1:8, inclusion temperature of 60 ℃, and inclusion time of 3 h. Microscope, infrared spectrum analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the inclusion compound was formed and the drug existed in the inclusion compound as amorphous. Conclusion: The inclusion compound of silymarin-SBE-β-CD has been successfully prepared, which can significantly improve the solubility of the drug, and provide experimental basis for its clinical application.

Crystal form Analysis of Felodipine and Its Preparations / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the crystal forms of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and preparations of felodipine from different sources, and explore the relationship between quality and efficacy of felodipine and its crystal form. METHODS: Crystal form characterization of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from different sources was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Origin software was used to analyze the crystal forms of felodipine in the sample preparations from different sources. Biological evaluation in vivo was conducted by using whole animals. RESULTS: There were some differences in the crystal state of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from different sources, but the main components were basically the same, all of which were type I. Biological studies showed significant differences in the main pharmacokinetic parameters of felodipine sustained release tablets from different sources. Among them, the ρmax, tmax, t1/2, and AUC0-t had maximal 1.8, 1.4, 8.2 and 1.5 times of differences. CONCLUSION: Although the main crystal forms of felodipine bulk drug from different origins are consistent, the crystal state significantly changes after the preparation process. This finding is of important scientific significance to guide the improvement of process and product quality.

Based on infrared spectrum to study the changes in the intrinsic chemicalcomponents in Trichosanthes before and after steaming / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To analyze the change in infrared(IR)spectral information and to screen out the classification of major compounds affecting information difference in IR spectra of Trichosanthes before and after steaming. Methods The similarity between the original IR fingerprint and the first derivative IR fingerprint of Trichosanthes and their steamed products was calculated by using the Computer Aided Similarity Evaluation System. The principal component analysis(PCA)model and the partial least squares dis-criminant analysis(PLS-DA)model of IR spectral data of Trichosanthes before and after steaming were established by using SIMCA-P 11 statistical software for PCA and PLS-DA,and the classification of major compounds affecting information difference in IR spectra of Trichosanthes before and after steaming was selected by 3D scatter plot,load 3D scatter plot and variable important in project(VIP) value. Results The similarity between the original IR fingerprint and first derivative IR fingerprint of Trichosanthes and their steamed products were 0.9165 and 0.2832. Seven VIP>1 spectral peaks were screened out by using SIMCA-P 11 statistical software,of which,the absorption peak of 1456 cm-1 was νc=c,the absorption peak of 1726 cm-1 was νc=o and the VIP values were 1.6290 and 1.4256 respectively. Conclusion The categories of compounds of Trichosanthes before and after steaming did not change,but the chemical components changed. Compounds of Trichosanthes before and after steaming affect the difference in IR spectral information may mainly contain C=C-C=C or C=O or both of them.

Application of near-infrared spectrum in diagnosis of epidural and subdural hematoma / 中国医学影像技术

Objective To explore the application value of near infrared spectrum (NIRS) in the detection of epidural and subdural hematoma in clinic.Methods Thirty-four patients with subdural and epidural hematomas (study group) confirmed by CT or MRI and 14 healthy volunteers (contrast group) were selected.The NIRS equipment which was produced by Institute of Automation of Chinese Academy of Sciences were used to assess the intracranial hematomas.Taking CT or MRI results as the golden standard,the diagnostic efficiency of NIRS for subdural and epidural hematomas were evaluated.Results For the diagnosis of subdural and epidural hematomas,the sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91.18％(31/34),71.43％ (10/14),85.42％(41/48),88.57％(31/35) and 76.92％ (10/13),respectively.Conclusion NIRS is a good device to predict intracranial subdural and epidural hematomas with high sensitivity and positive predictive value,which is helpful for early diagnosis and therapy in clinic.

Study on Extraction Process Trajectory for In-line Monitoring of Extraction Process of Lonicera Japonica of Re-Du-Ning Injection / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to develop in-line monitoring of extraction process of Lonicerajaponica in the extraction process trajectory of Re-Du-Ning (RDN) injection.Several batches of near-infrared (NIR) spectrum dates were collected and multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) method was in conjunction with.The results showed that using score,Hotelling T2 and DModX control chart,various normal and abnormal behaviors of the test batches were detected in time by comparison with the extraction process trajectory.It was concluded that the process trajectory for in-line quality control based on NIR spectrum dates and MSPC could indicate the changes of process.It was a feasible technology tool of the total process quality control during traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) manufacturing process.

Content Determination of Paracetamol by the Nonlinear Quantitative Model with Infrared Spectroscopy / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide theoretical basis for the detection of paracetamol by infrared spectroscopy. METHODS:0.002-0.02 g paracetamol was accurately weighed,added into 0.2 g potassium bromide,respectively,fully ground and well mixed, potassium bromide pressing plate method was used for to-be-tested test sample. Using hollow cathode lamp as light,scanning fre-quency was 30 times,resolution was 0.5 cm-1,scan range was 4000-400 cm-1,infrared absorption spectrum was determined and recorded to select the characteristic absorption peaks,then determine the optimized characteristic absorption peaks. Linear and non-linear models were respectively established by using mathematics modeling methods. RESULTS:1 016 cm-1 absorption peak with weaker absorbance but stronger features was selected for the analysis. According to the model establishing and calculation,the accu-racy of the nonlinear model was much higher than the linear model,r=0.942. CONCLUSIONS:Nonlinear quantitative model for quantitatively determining the content of paracetamol is feasible,and suitable for the on-destructive and rapid on-line quality control of paracetamol.

Research progress in chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum indicum and their quality assessment / 中草药

Chrysanthemum indicum, with excellent pharmaceutical prospects, widely distributes in China. At present, the study found that the main chemical constituents of C. indicum include flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids. The infrared spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography, ultra performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, related molecular biological technology, and other modern analysis technology are widely used in the quality evaluation on C. indicum. In this paper, the research progress in the chemical constituents and quality evaluation of C. indicum is reviewed, providing the scientific basis for its further development and utilization.

Assessment of Influence of Origin Variability on Robustness of Near Infrared Models for Soluble Solid Content of Apples / 分析化学

In order to improve the precision and robustness in determination of soluble solids content ( SSC) of ‘Fuji ’ apple by NIR spectroscopy and eliminate the effect of origin variability on the accuracy of NIR calibration models for the SSC, sample set partitioning based on joint x-y distances ( SPXY) was used to select representative subset from the apple samples of 4 different origins. As a comparison, partial least square ( PLS) was used to establish local origin and hybrid origin models for the prediction of SSC in apple. Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling ( CARS ) and successive projections algorithm ( SPA ) were implemented to select effective variables of the NIR spectroscopy of SSC of apple. The results indicated that the PLS model established based on the 4 origin apple samples performed better than local origin and other hybrid origin models. The model could be effectively simplified using 16 characteristic variables selected by CARS-SPA method from full-spectrum which had 3112 wavelengths. The correlation coefficient (Rp) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 0. 978 and 0. 441 oBrix, respectively for SSC. It was found that the model developed by more samples of different origins combined with effective wavelengths showed good prediction ability for apple sample of unknown origin, which indicated that it could significantly reduce the origin effect on the robustness of NIR models for SSC of apple.

Infrared fingerprint analysis of hippocampus's ethanol extracts coupled with cluster analysis, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish and validate an infrared spectrometry method coupled with cluster analysis, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis for identifying different kinds of Hippocampus. METHODS: Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer was used to analyze the ethanol extracts from 35 samples of Hippocampus collected from different geographical locations. Similarity analysis and cluster analysis were used to establish the reference fingerprint spectra, and principal component analysis and discriminant analysis were used for identifying different kinds of Hippocampus. RESULTS: The samples of the same species had similar characteristic peaks of infrared spectra and could be clustered together. Based on the result of principal component analysis, the absorption peaks (3305.4-3297.7 cm-1, 2919.7-2915.9 cm-1, 2852.2-2848.4 cm-1, 1656.6-1652.7 cm-1, 1542.8-1538.9 cm-1, 1456.0-1452.2 cm-1 and 1045.2-1041.4 cm-1) were the main characteristic peaks and were used to develop the discrimination function for distinguishing different species of Hippocampus. The accuracy of the discrimination function was 93.55%. The established method had good stability, precision and reproducibility, and was a very reliable and useful method for distinguishing different species and assessment of the quality of Hippocampus. CONCLUSION: The established IR fingerprints of Hippo-campus's ethanol extracts coupled with mathematical statistics theory can be applied to identify different kinds of Hippocampus. More importantly, the research has provided a new thought for traditional Chinese medicine identification by using mathematical model.

Infrared fingerprint analysis of Syngnathus's ethanol extracts coupled with cluster analysis, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish a validated infrared spectrum method coupled with cluster analysis, principal component a-nalysis and discriminant analysis for identifying different kinds of Syngnathus. METHODS: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer was performed on the ethanol extracts from 33 samples of Syngnathus collected from different geographical locations. Similarity analysis and cluster analysis were used to establish the reference fingerprint spectra, and principal component analysis and discriminant analysis were used for identifying different kinds of Syngnathus. RESULTS: The experimental results indicated that the samples of same species had the similar characteristic peaks of infrared spectra and could be clustered together. Based on the result of principal component analysis, the absorption peaks(3010.4-3006.5 cm-1, 1745.3-1741.4 cm-1, 1467.6-1463.7 cm-1, 1417.4-1413.6 cm-1, 1168.7-1164.8 cm-1, 723.2-719.3 cm-1, 2925.5-2919.7 cm-1, 2854.2-2850.3 cm-1) were the main characteristic peaks and were used to develop the discrimination function for distinguishing different species of Syngnathus. The accuracy of the discrimination function could reach 98.75%. The established method in the experiment had a good stability, precision and reproducibility, and was a very reliable and useful method for distinguishing different species and assessment of the quality of Syngnathus. CONCLUSION: The established IR fingerprints of Syngnathus's ethanol extracts coupled with mathematical statistics theory could be applied to identify different kinds of Syngnathus. But more importantly, the research job provides a new thought for traditional Chinese medicine identification by using mathematical model.

Analysis of the relationship between the composition of stones and the age and sex in patients with kidney stones / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective According to the infrared spectrum of renal stone composition analysis,discuss the relationship between gender,age and kidney stone.Methods Kidney stone composition analysis of 408 cases had been done in our hospital from the 2002 to 2011 by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.There were 271 males (66.4％) and 137 females (33.6％).Results There were 359 cases with calcium stones,accounting for 88.0％ (359/408); 197 cases with calcium oxalate stones alone,accounting for 48.3％; 180 cases with phosphate stones,accounting for 44.1％; 211 cases with mixed composition stones,accounting for 51.7％.Main chemical composition of the stones were:calcium oxalate 48.3％,carbonate apatite 34.8％,urates 5.4％,ammonium magnesium phosphate 4.4％,ammonium carbonate eutectic 3.4％,brushite 1.5％,cystine 2.0％ and protein 0.3％.Male patients accounted for 66.4％ of all cases and the peak onset age was 30-59 years; Female patient accounted for 33.6％ of all cases and the peak onset age was 50-59 years.Conclusions Calcium oxalate and phosphate are the most common components of kidney stones.Males age between 30-59 years and females age between 50-59 years may suffer from of kidney stone formation.

Taxonomía de onicóforos de Santander, Colombia y termogravimetría, calorimetría de barrido diferencial y espectroscopía infrarroja de la secreción adhesiva (Onychophora: Peripatidae)

Velvet worm taxonomy from Santander, Colombia and thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy of the adhesive secretion (Onychophora: Peripatidae). Onychophoran worms are terrestrial organisms that have changed relatively little since the mid-Cambrian. We collected Macroperipatus geagy in coffee plantations at "Hacienda El Roble", Santander, Colombia, and here redescribe the species based on 15 individuals. A digital three-dimensional reconstruction of the ventral side of the body indicates that the primary and accessory papillae lack a defined distribution pattern. Diagnostic characters: one main tooth and one accessory tooth in the outer jaw, and one main tooth, one accessory tooth and seven denticles in the internal jaw. Measurements: length (X=45.66 mm; SD=26.10), weight (X= 0.95 g; SD= 2.21) and number of lobopods (X= 28.13 pairs; SD= 1.30). We present a taxonomic key for six species of Macroperipatus. The liquid adhesive secretion lost 60% of the initial weight at 70 oC (solid: 13% close to 90 oC). The stability phase of the liquid secretion was within 90-280 oC (100 oC -205 oC in the solid secretion). The starting degradation temperature of the sample was 355 oC. Heat flow changes in the solid and liquid secretions were confirmed by the sample behavior during thermogravimetric analysis. The percentage of β sheets calculated by infrared spectrum was 59%. In comparison with Nephila spiders, the onychophoran secretion lost more weight and entered the phase of degradation at lower temperatures. This secondary structure of proteins gives the onychophoran adhesive secretion a tensile strength and extensibility similar to those of the silk produced by spiders for prey-capture. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 567-588. Epub 2009 September 30.

Redescribimos taxonómicamente el gusano Macroperipatus geagy Bouvier 1899, a partir de 15 especímenes recolectados en los cafetales de hacienda El Roble, Santander, Colombia. De acuerdo con la reconstrucción en tres dimensiones de la superficie dorsal del cuerpo, las papilas primarias y accesorias de M. geagy se distribuyen sin formar un patrón determinado. Características diagnósticas: un diente accesorio y un diente principal en la mandíbula externa; y un diente principal, un diente accesorio y siete dentículos en la sierra de la mandíbula interna. Cuerpo: longitud (X=45.66; S=26.10 mm), peso (X= 0.95; S= 2.21) y pares de lobopodos (X= 28.13; S= 1.30). Se elaboró una clave para seis especies de Macroperipatus. La secreción adhesiva en estado líquido perdió 60% del peso inicial al alcanzar los 70 ºC, la muestra sólida perdió el 13% del peso cerca de los 90 ºC, la fase de estabilidad térmica de la secreción estuvo entre los 90 y 280 ºC en la secreción líquida y entre los 100 y 205 ºC en la sólida. La temperatura de inicio de la degradación de las muestras se registró a los 355 ºC. En comparación con la araña Nephila sp., el onicóforo perdió mayor porcentaje de peso y alcanzó la fase de degradación a temperaturas más bajas. Los cambios en el flujo de calor en la secreción adhesiva sólida y líquida de M. geagy fueron confirmados con el comportamiento de las muestras en el análisis de termogravimetría. La proporción de láminas beta calculado en el espectro infrarrojo de la secreción adhesiva fue del 59%. La presencia de este tipo de conformación de la estructura secundaria de las proteínas en la secreción adhesiva de M. geagy conferiría extensibilidad y resistencia a la tracción, en similitud con las fibras de seda tejidas por las arañas para depredación.

Determination of Spectrum Characteristic of Near Infrared Radiated by Indirect Moxibustion / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

MS96A type spectrum analyzer was applied to determine the spectral characteristic of near infrared radiated by moxa stick moxi-bustion, ginger-partitioned moxibustion, garlic-partitioned moxibustion and Aconium Carmichaeli-par titioned moxibustion. The spectrum of moxa stick moxibustion was relatively discrete and several wave crests are appeared. But in the spectrum of ginger-partitioned moxibustion, garlic-partitioned moxibustion or Aconium Carmichaeli-partitioned moxibustion, a specific and relatively steady wave crest formed respectively. It was concluded different indirect moxibustion could bring respective spectrum of near infrared and have the relevant physiologic and biochemical effects.

Stability Study and Infrared Spectrum Analysis on Gatifloxacin for Injection in Combination with Aciclovir for Injection / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the compatible stability of gatifloxacin for injection in combination with aciclovir for injection in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% glucose injection.METHODS:Changes in appearance and pH value of gatifloxacin in combination with aciclovir within 8 hours after mixing were observed and determined under room temperature(20?1)℃,respectively,and the precipitates in the mixture underwent infrared spectrum analysis.RESULTS:White flocculent precipitate was noted in the mixture within 1 hour of mixing,which was proved as a new substance by infrared spectrum analysis. CONCLUSIONS:There is incompatibility between gatifloxacin for injection and aciclovir for injection.

Anesthesia gas concentration measure device based on NDIR technique / 医疗卫生装备

In this paper, a newly-designed device is introduced, which uses non-dispersive infrared absorption technique to acquire anesthesia gas concentration signal and to perform side-stream measurement in the air way. The microcontroller is adopted to implement data acquisition, data processing and then to transmit the data to the PC screen, thus the real-time continuous invasive concentration monitoring of the anesthesia gas in the patient's respiratory air can be realized during a surgical operation.

Infrared spectrum analysis on pearly gallstone discharged with TMF / 中国医学物理学杂志

The pearly gallstone was discharged after Treatment with Magnetic Field (TMF). The pearly gallstones are measured with FT-IR spectrometer. The results demonstrate that mostly composition of this gall-stones is cholesterol and intermixture with some protean and inorganic calcium salt. Nature pearls is mostly composed with calcium carbonate. Their compositions are different. The pearly gall-stones show sandwich of cholesterol crystal in structure.

Noninvasive monitoring technology and device for tissue blood oxygen content / 医疗卫生装备

The conventional invasive tissue blood oxygen content measurement is poor in continuity.The weakness of the signal,strong interference and random transmission of the photon in tissues make the measurement difficult.Recently,near infrared spectrum technology has been applied to tissue blood oxygen content measurement.This paper presents a hardware design method for tissue blood oxygen content measurement by near infrared spectrum technology.

Identification of traditional Chinese medicine injection by FTIR combined with computer aided analysis / 中成药

AIM: To investigate a new method for identification of traditional Chinese medicine injection by FTIR. METHODS: For the steadiness of spectra, the factors of effecting spectrum's information quality were all investigated scientifically over the experiment procedures and instrumental setting, such as the preparation of samples, resolution ratio, scanning times, repeating scanning times, etc. The traditional Chinese medicine injections were used as the analytical samples such as Radix Isatidis, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Flos Carthami, Radix Astragali and Herba Houttuyniae. RESULTS: Although all these original spectrums were similar at a certain degree, the FTIR combined with computer aided analysis, such as the cluster analysis and derivative spectrometry comparability calculation could be used to identify these injections. CONCLUSION: The method of identification by FTIR is non destructive testing, cheap, clean, fast, simple and convenient. The result indicates this method is suitable for establishing identification database of traditional Chinese medicine injections.